ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЕ КОРУПЦИЈЕ У ГЛОБАЛНОМ ФИНАНСИЈСКОМ ПОРЕТКУ

Мирослав Стевановић

Предраг Павлићевић

Сажетак

Антикорупцијски нормативно-правни опус и процедуре нису довели до сузбијања ове појаве на националним и на међународном нивоу, већ је она у порасту. Полазећи од аксиома да уколико нормативно-правни поредак не даје очекиване резултате неопходно је преиспитати схватање, те у овом раду проблематизујемо подстицаје ка коруптивном понашању у наднационалном финансијском поретку. Још крајем 1930-их година почиње прикривање и пласирање незаконитих прихода од организованог криминала кроз финансијске операције пласирањем готовине у услужне послове и некретнине у Канади, као и коришћењем међународних кредитних банака у Швајцарској (за његово репатрирање у виду кредита). Од 1950-их година ти приходи се пласирају у Куби, где је држава изменила законе о коцкању, тако да су привилеговани улагачи постали заштићени од провера и обезбеђени су им јавни подстицаји, попут ослобађања од пореза и бесцаринског увоза опреме и намештаја, од чега су тако додатно зарађивали па су периодичне исплате тражили и локални политичари. Од 1940-их развија се низ финансијских техника које су усмерене на заштиту клијената од тржишних кретања, затим базираних на експлоатацији инсајдерских информација, а данас комуникационе компаније постављају мрежну опрему близу владиних установа, а неки трејдери добијају извештаје непосредно од администрација пре јавног објављивања. Према проценама Уједињених нација, годишње се пере износ до пет одсто светске трговине, а стандарди обрачуна ЕУ и ММФ прокламују да се у националним обрачунима исказују и приходи од незаконитих активности. Отуда се поставља питање да ли и у којој мери системска корупција има упориште и у глобалним системима попут финансијског. Најраширенији облик пласмана, кредити, често су извор проблема са отплатом или подривања економског суверенитета и функционисања правне државе. Приступ проблему токова илегалног новца у светском финансијском поретку је генерално компликован и наглашено бирократски. Наднационални финансијски механизми који посредно омогућавају прикривање и стављање у функцију новца од корупције су проблематични за регулисање на националном нивоу у околностима када државе настоје да се прилагоде условима тог поретка. Чини се да делотворност нормативно-правног антикорупцијског поретка зависи од превазилажења бирократских облика надзора и од међународног инкриминисања стицања добити корупцијом.

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