THE RELATION BETWEEN POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND RADICAL ENVIRONMENTALISM

Александар Матковић

Сажетак

The aim of this paper is examination of general relationship between political ideology and radical environmental activism, with a special focus on considering the extent of influence and the exact position of the politics in the domain of mentioned eco-activism. Within the first four parts, the general characteristics of radical environmentalism, as well as its relationship with the political left-wing, political right-wing and apolitical/anti-political beliefs are analyzed, while the final part is devoted to discussion and general conclusions. Among other things, it was concluded that the basic ideological dimension of radical eco-activism is based on the idea of biocentrism, as the original environmental and nonpolitical category, while political ideological elements represent secondary and facultative components that can influence the specification of the ideology of a part of eco-activists. At the same time, it was pointed out that the proper perception of such (i.e. secondary) position of political beliefs within the radical eco-activism creates a precondition for understanding heterogeneity and frequent contradictions in the political beliefs of radical eco-activists.

Референце

• Asprem, E. (2008) “Heathens Up North: Politics, Polemics, and Contemporary Norse Paganism in Norway“, Pomegranate, 10(1): 41-69.
• Atkins, S. (2004) Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Bari, J. (1998) Revolutionary ecology: Biocentrism & deep ecology. Trees Foundation.
• Berry, E. (2013) “Religious Environmentalism and Environmental Religion in America“, Religion Compass, 7(10): 454-466.
• Brockhoff, S; Krieger, T; Meierrieks, D. (2012) “Looking Back on Anger: Explaining the Social Origins of Left-Wing and Nationalist Separatist Terrorism in Western Europe, 1970–2007”. APSA 2012 Annual Meeting Paper. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2107193 [Accessed 16.01.2019].
• Burkett, P. (1999) Marx and Nature. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
• Chase, A. (2003) Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist. New York: Norton.
• Dobson, A. (2007) Green Political Thought. 4th edition. London/ New York: Routledge.
• Đorić, M. (2014) Ekstremna desnica: međunarodni aspekti desničarskog ekstremizma. Beograd: Udruženje Nauka i društvo Srbije.
• Đorić, M. (2016) Ekstremna levica: ideološki aspekti levičarskog ekstremizma. Beograd: Institut za političke studije.
• Eckersley, R. (1992) Environmentalism and political theory: Toward an ecocentric approach. Albany: SUNY Press.
• Foster, J. (2000) Marx’s Ecology. New York: Monthly Review Press.
• François, S; Godwin, A. (2008) “The Euro-Pagan Scene: Between Paganism and Radical Right”, Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 1(2): 35-54.
• Gare, A. (1996) “Soviet Environmentalism: The Path Not Taken”. In: Benton, E. (ed.) The Greening of Marxism. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 111–128.
• Gare, A. (2002) “The Environmental Record of the Soviet Union”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 13(3): 52–72.
• Gottlieb, R. (2017) “Religious Environmentalism and Environmental Activism“. In: Hart, J. (ed.) The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Ecology. Hoboken: John Willey & Sons. pp. 439-456.
• Hall, M. (2011) “Beyond the human: extending ecological anarchism“, Environmental Politics, 20(3): 374-390.
• Hays, S; Esler, M; Hays, C. (1996) “Radical environmentalism and crime”. In: Edwards, S. et al. (eds.) Environmental crime and Criminality: Theoretical and practical issues. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 163-183.
• Kaczynski, D. (2016) Every Last Tie: The Story of the Unabomber and His Family. Durham: Duke University Press.
• Keeling, P. (2013) “Wilderness, People, and the False Charge of Misanthropy“, Environmental Ethics, 35(4): 387-405.
• Kushner, H. (2003) Encyclopedia of terrorism. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
• Liddick, D. (2006) Eco-terrorism: Radical Environmental and Animal Liberation Movements. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
• Long, D. (2004) Ecoterrorism. New York: Facts on File Inc.
• Manes, C. (1990) Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
• Marks, K. (1996) Faces of Right Wing Extremism. Boston: Branden Publishing Company.
• Martell, L. (1994) Ecology and Society: An Introduction. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
• Matković, A. (2013) “Proekološki kriminal“, Pravni zapisi, 2: 529-546.
• Matković, A. (2017) “Ekoterorizam ili proekološki kriminal – teorijske i praktične dileme“, Kultura polisa, 33: 99-116.
• Маткович, А. (2017) “Влияние процесса урбанизации на радикализацию экологического сознания граждан Московской области“. In: Культура открытого города: новые смыслы и практики (collection of papers). Екатеринбург. pp. 61-66.
• Nanda, M. (2004) “Dharmic ecology and the neo-pagan international: the dangers of religious environmentalism in India“. At: Eighteenth European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Lunds University, Sweden. pp. 6-9.
• Parson, S. (2008) “Understanding the ideology of the Earth Liberation Front”, Green Theory & Praxis: The Journal of Ecopedagogy, 4(2): 50-66.
• Shapiro, J. (2001) Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Smith, P. (2014) The Axe Without the Handle: An Exploratory Analysis of Eco-Terrorism and its Relationships to U.S. Public Policy towards Terrorism:1990-2010 (doctoral dissertation). Davie: Nova Southeastern University.
• Smith, R. (2008) “Ecoterrorism?: A Critical Analysis of the Vilification of Radical Environmental Activists as Terrorists”, Environmental Law, 38(2): 537-576.
• Taylor, B. P. (1991) “Environmental ethics & political theory”, Polity, (23)4: 567-583.
• Taylor, P. (2011) Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Wall, D. (2010) The No-Nonsense Guide to Green Politics. Oxford: New Internationalist Publications.
• Watson, R. (1992) “Misanthropy, Humanity, and the Eco-Warriors“, Environmental Ethics, 14(1): 95.
• White, D. F; Rudy, A; Wilbert, C. (2006) “Anti-Environmentalism: Prometheans, Contrarians and Beyond“. In: Pretty, J. et al. (eds.) The Sage Handbook in Environment and Society. Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/Singapore: SAGE Publications. pp. 124-141.
• Yu, M; Lei, Y. (2009) “Biocentric Ethical Theories”. In: Teng, T; Yifan, D. (eds.) Environment and Development, Vol. 2. Oxford: EOLSS. pp. 253-262.
• Zimmerman, M. (2008) “Eco-Fascism”. In: Taylor, B. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London & New York: Continuum. pp. 531-532.
• Internet sources:
• Черный блог – новости анархической герильи. Available at: https://blackblocg.info/?limitstart=0 [Accessed: 12.01.2019].
• Lewis, J. (2004) Tesstimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Available at: https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/testimony/animal-rights-extremism-and-ecoterrorism [Accessed 10.01.2019].