A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY COUNTER-TERRORISM

Александра З. Илић

Сажетак

In this paper the author analyses the contemporary counter-terrorism  especially in the context of relevant international and national regulatives. The author first considers counter-terrorism measures in investigation of crimes of terrorism. In the name of protecting states and citizens, “war on terrorism” in some countries legitimized many actions directed towards the suppression of any potential danger from terrorism. Some boundaries have been crossed when the treatment of suspicious individuals is concerned and in that sense the author discusses the use of torture in fight against terrorism. Another issue that is subject of disscusion in this paper is treatment of persons convicted for terrorism. There are two dimensions of that treatment. On the one side is penintentiary treatment ie. the process which take place in prisons and on the other side we can talk about post-penal treatment of convicts for terrorism. The author criticizes the way how dominant approach in contemporary penintentiary and postpenal treatment of terrorists – the program of deradicalization, is realizing. Finally, the author considers counter-terrorism activities of some countries during the Covid-19 pandemic and possible future situation when it comes to terrorism which will influences the application of counter-terrorism measures.

Референце

• A and others v. the United Kingdom, No. 3455/05, 19. February 2009, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2009:0219JUD00345505.
• Alvarez, Jose. A. 2006. „Torturing the Law.“ Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 37(2): 175-223.
• Amato, D’Silvia. 2019. „Islamization of criminal behaviour: The path to terrorism?“ Terrorist threat and crime in French counterterrorism policy-formulation. European Journal of Criminology 16 (3): 332-350.
• Amirault, Joanna and Martin Bouchard. 2017. „Timing is everything: The role of Contextual and Terrorism – Specific Factors in the Sentencing Outcomes of Terrorist Offenders.“ European Journal of Criminology 14 (3): 269-289;
• BBC News. 2020. „Napadi u Beču: Suspendovan šef antiterorističke jedinice“, 10. May 2021.  https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/svet-54788245.
• Bek, Ulrih. 2011. Svetsko rizično društvo: u potrazi za izgubljenom sigurnošću (translation of the book: Weltrisikogesellschaft: Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Sicherheit, translator: Ljiljana Glišović). Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga.
• Big brother watch and others v. the United Kingdom, Nos. 58170/13, 62322/14 and 24960/15, Joint partly concurring opinion of judges Lemmens, Vehabović and Bošnjak and partly concurring and partly dissenting opinion of judge Pinto de Albuquerque of 25. May 2021,ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:0525JUD005817013;ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:0525JUD006232214; ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:0525JUD002496015.
• Carson, Jennifer Varriale. 2017. „Assessing the Effectiveness of High-Profile Targeted Killings in the “War on Terror” A Quasi-Experiment.“ Criminology and Public Policy 16 (1): 191-220.
• Centrum för rättvisa v. Sweden, No. 35252/08, Јoint concurring opinion of judges Lemmens, Vehabović and Bošnjak of 25. May 2021, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2021:0525JUD003525208.
• Clement, Matt and Vincenzo Scalia. 2020. „The Strategy of Tension: Understanding State Labeling Processes and Double-Binds.“ Critical Criminology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09494-5.
• Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [Convention against Torture], RES/39/46 Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984 entry into force 26 June 1987, in accordance with Article 27 (1).
• De Beer, Aniel. 2018. „The Use of Torture in the Fight against Terrorism“ International and Comparative Law Review 18 (1): 51–88, doi: 10.2478/iclr-2018-0026.
• Di Čezare, Donatela. 2020. Tortura (translation of the book: Tortura, translator: Gordana Subotić). Beograd: Dereta.
• Einolf, Christopher. 2007. „The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis.“ Sociological Theory 25 (2): 101-121.
• Hamilton, Claire and Randy K. Lippert. 2020. „Governing Through Human Rights in Counter-terrorism: Proofing, Problematization and Securitization.“ Critical Criminology 28: 127-145.
• Ignjatović, Đorđe. 2019. Kriminologija. Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu – Pravni fakultet.
• Köhalmi, Laslzo. 2016. „Terrorism and human rights.“ Journal of Eastern-European Criminal Law (1): 159-165.
• La Free, Gary and Laura Dugan. 2009. „Research on Terrorism and Countering Terrorism.“ Crime & Justice: A Review of Research 38: 413–478.
• Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions [LECS], Official Gazette of the RS, No. 55/2014 and 35/2019.
• Law on the Execution of Non-custodial Sanctions and Measures [LENSAM], Official Gazette of the RS, No. 55/2014 and 87/2018.
• May, Larry. 2018. „Humanity, prisoners of war, and torture.“ In Intervention, Terrorism, and Torture: Contemporary Challenges to Just War Theory, ed. Steven. P. Lee 1: 137-153. Dordrecht: Springer.
• Penal Reform International. Thailand Institute of Justice. 2020. Global Prison Trend 2020: Special Focus Pull-out Section. Alternatives to Imprisonment. London: Penal Reform International.
• Pfiffner, James P. 2005. „Torture and Public Policy.“ Public Integrity 7 (4): 313-329.
• Redress. 2004.  Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Torture – International Law in the Fight against Terrorism. London: Redress.
• Rothe, Dawn and Stephen L. Muzzatti. 2004. „Enemies everywhere: terrorism, moral panic, and us civil society.“ Critical Criminology 12: 327-350.
• Silverman, Jon and Lisa Thomas. 2012. „’I feel your pain’: Terrorism, the Media and the politics of response.“ Crime Media Culture 8 (3): 279-295.
• Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners  [Standard Minimum Rules], RES/663 C (1957) and RES/2076 (1977) Adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held at Geneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council by its resolution 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977.
• Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2020. Bulletin – Adult perpetrators of crimes in the Republic of Serbia: reports, charges and convictions. Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.
• United Nation Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). 2020. „Impact of COVID-19 on violent extremism and terrorism.“ 15 april 2021. https://www.unitar.org/sites/default/files/media/file/COVID19%20and%20Its%20Impact%20on%20Violent%20Extremism%20and%20Terrorism%20Factsheet_0.pdf.
• United Nations Security Council [UNSC], S/RES/1373 (2001), Resolution 1373 (2001) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4385th meeting, on 28 September 2001.
• Weiner, Allen S. 2007. „Law, just war, and the international fight against terrorism: is it war?“ In Intervention, Terrorism, and Torture: Contemporary Challenges to Just War Theory, ed. Steven P. Lee 1: 137-153. Dordrecht: Springer.
• Wilt, Harmen van der and Christophe Paulussen. 2019. „The role of international criminal law in responding to the crime-terror nexus.“ European Journal of Criminology 16 (3): 315-331.